TaqManTM-PCR for the detection of pathogenic E.coli strains

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method for the detection of pathogenic  E. coli  in a sample comprising PCR amplification of DNA isolated from said sample using oligonucleotide primers specific for pathogenic  E. coli.

[0001] The present invention relates to a rapid, high performance assay for the detection of pathogenic E. coli which is based on TaqMan™PCR technique, and to specific optimised oligonucleotide primers and labelled oligonucleotide probes useful in the assay.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Enterohemorrhagic, shiga-like toxin (sit) producing Escherichia coli (EHEC) have recently been recognized as an important human and animal pathogen (1-7). EHEC has been responsible for several food-borne outbreaks (8). The most notable were a multistate outbreak associated with a fast food chain in the western states of the USA with more than 600 individuals affected and 3 deaths in Washington (9), and an epedemic occurence in Japan with more than 6000 patients and approx. 8 fatal cases (10). Infection with EHEC causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) that is characterised by acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. HUS ultimately can result in a fatal outcome in affected children and immunocompromised individuals (3,11-17). Recently, in the South-Eastern parts of Germany (Bavaria) an increase of EHEC cases was reported during October 1995 and July 1996 with at least 45 severe infections leading to HUS accompanied by 7 deaths (18). Estimating that approx. 1 out of 15 EHEC infections results in HUS approx. 600-700 affected individuals might be assumed.

[0003] In most outbreaks reported, consumption of contaminated ground beef has been the source of infection (5,8,19-22), whereas in Japan raddish sprouts are suspected (10). EHEC has been isolated from cow milk (6,19,23), Water (19), chicken, pork, and apple cider (19,24,25), but also human horizontal smear infections have been reported (15). Cattle appear likely to be the reservoir (22,26). Cross contamination, improper handling, and inadequate cooking all contribute to food-borne infections caused by EHEC. EHEC produce Shiga-like toxins (sit), also known as verotoxins or cytotoxins (12,27). A large proportion of EHEC have been found to belong to the serogroup O157:H7, but notably, also a variety of EHEC belonging to other serogroups (O22, O26, O55, O111, O114, O145) have been reported especially in Europe (12,15,28-32).

[0004] Besides EHEC, certain other strains of E. coli can cause enteritis or gastroenteritis and are grouped in enterotoxigenic strains (ETEC) (33-36), enteropathogenic strains (EPEC) (37), enteroinvasive strains (EIEC) (38,39), and enteroaggregative strains (EaggEC) (40,41). These strains are important pathogens and also pose severe public health problems. The diagnosis of these pathogens is vastly neglegted due to the lack of specific and sensitive routine test methods. ETEC synthesize heat labile and/or heat stable enterotoxins that can cause a secretory diarrhea (“traveller's diarrhea”) resembling that of Vibrio cholerae (36,42,43). Surface attachment of the ETEC organisms to the intestinal epithelial cell is a prerequisite to toxin production. Toxin production is plasmid mediated and most commonly involves E. coli serogroups O6, O15, O124, O136, O143, O145, and 0147 (32).

[0005] EPEC cause diarrheal symptoms primarily in infants (32). Although the pathogenesis is unclear, the epithelial degradation of the gut, and the inflammatory response that are observed in tissue sections may be a consequence due to the adhesive properties of the bacterium. Specific attachment factors of EPEC are plasmid encoded (EAF=EPEC adherence factor) (37,44). EHEC often contain an adherence factor closely related to EAF that is known as eae (EHEC attaching and effacing gene) (45,46). EPEC most often belong to serogroups O6, O8, O25, O111, O119, and O142 (32).

[0006] EIEC strains are capable of penetrating and invading the intestinal epithelial cells and produce an inflammatory diarrhea similar to that caused by Shigella bacteria (38,47,48). Fecal smears contain blood, mucus and segmented neutrophils. EIEC contain virulence plasmids coding for additional pathogenic factors (48). Serogroups O28, O112, O115, O124, O136, O143, O145, and O147 are most commonly found on EIEC (32).

[0007] EaggEC are associated with persistent diarrhea in children and with traveller's diarrhea. EaggEC are characterized by their adherence capacity that leads to aggregation of Hep-2 cells. This effect is associated with the presence of a virulence plasmid (pCVD432). EaggEC are supected to also produce a heat stable enterotoxin (EAST1) (49-53). They can belong to serogroups O44 and O126 (32).

[0008] Conventional detection methods for EHEC encompass enrichment and isolation with selective and/or indicator media such as E. coli broth, lauryl sulfate tryptose 4-methylumbelliferyl-b-acid broth, eosin methylene blue agar, McConkey sorbitol agar, and enterohemolysin agar (28,32,54-59). All of these assays, unfortunately, are indirect and lack the ability to identify EHEC or the other pathogenic E. coli strains specifically. Several methods for biochemical identification and immunological detection of EHEC have been put forward (54,60-63), however, it is well recognized that pathogenic E. coli strains neither posess nor lack unique fermentation pathways (58,64). Serotyping is not conclusive since no absolute correlation between serotype and pathogenic E. coli group can be established (12,27,32,58,65).

[0009] DNA hybridization techniques have been established for experimental research but are not applicable for large scale routine diagnostic procedures (66,67). DNA amplification based assays, using PCR have been reported (68-72). Limitations to these methods include cumbersome post-PCR detection methods (agarose gel electrophoresis, Biotin/Avidin based ELISA detection systems).

[0010] To overcome these problems, a PCR assay which allows the specific determination of virulence factors characteristic for EHEC, ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, and EaggEC that is based on a fluorigenic detection method of PCR amplification has been developed.

[0011] This assay exploits the 5′→3′exonuclease activity of Taq-DNA polymerase (73) to cleave an internal oligonucleotide probe that is covalently conjugated- with a fluorescent reporter dye (e.g. 6-carboxy-fluorescein [FAM]; λ_(em)=518 nm) and a fluorescent quencher dye (6-carboxytetramethyl-rhodamine [TAMRA]; λ_(em)=582 nm) at the 5′ and 3′end, respectively (74,75). Fluorescence from FAM is efficiently quenched by TAMRA on the same, intact probe molecule (76). In the case that cognate PCR amplification occurs, Taq polymerase extends from the specific PCR primer and cleaves the internal, fluorigenic oligonucleotide probe annealed to the template strand. Thus, the reporter dye and the quencher dye get spatially separated. As a consequence of oligonucleotide hydrolysis and physical separation of the reporter and the quencher dyes, a measurable increase in fluoresecence intensity at 518 nm can be observed. PCR cycling leads to exponential amplification of the PCR product and consequently of fluorescence intensity.

[0012] TaqMan™-PCR is performed in optical tubes that allow measurements of fluorescence signals without opening the PCR tubes. This dramatically minimizes post-PCR processing time and almost completely eliminates cross-PCR contamination problems. Employing this approach, simultaneous testing of biological materials for the presence of virulence genes of E. coli strains and other enterobacteria, harboring virulence genes can be semiautomated and performed within 18 h.

[0013] According to the present invention TaqMan™-PCR for the detection of pathogenic E. coli is provided, enabling for the first time the specific, rapid and high throughput routine detection of EHEC, ETEC, EFEC, EIEC, and EaggEC and related enterobacteria that harbor these virulence genes in routine bacteriological laboratories.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

[0014] It is an object of the present invention to provide a rapid, high performance assay for the detection and identification of pathogenic E. coli in biological samples.

[0015] It is a further object of the present invention to provide specific, optimised primers and labelled oligonucleotide probes useful for the amplification of sequences encoding virulence factors/toxins characteristic for pathogenic E. coli

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0016] The invention then, inter alia, comprises the following alone or in combination:

[0017] A method for the detection of pathogenic E. coli in a sample comprising PCR amplification of DNA isolated from said sample using a set of oligonucleotide primers specific for virulence factors/toxins of pathogenic E. coli selected from

[0018] primers that hybridise to a gene encoding heat labile toxin, or heat stabile toxin for the amplification of a DNA sequence characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli;

[0019] primers that hybridise to a gene encoding heat stabile toxin for the amplification of a DNA sequence characteristic for enteroaggregative E. coli;

[0020] primers that hybridise to the pCVD432 plasmid for the amplification of a DNA sequence characteristic for enteroaggregative E. coli;

[0021] primers that hybridise to the inv-plasmid for the amplification of a DNA sequence contained in enteroinvasive E. coli;

[0022] primers that hybridise to the EAF plasmid, or the eae gene for the amplification of a DNA sequence characteristic for enteropathogenic E. coli; and/or

[0023] primers that hybridise to the genes encoding shiga-like toxin sltI or sltII for the amplification of a DNA sequence characteristic for enterohemorrhagic E. coli, followed by detection and identification of the amplified product using conventional methods;

[0024] the method as above wherein

[0025] the set of primers that hybridise to the gene encoding heat labile toxin characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli is LT-1: 5′ GCG TTA CTA TCC TCT CTA TGT G 3′ and LT-2: 5′ AGT TTT CCA TAC TGA TTG CCG C 3′;

[0026] the set of primers that hybridise to the gene encoding heat stabile toxin characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli is ST-1: 5′ TCC CTC AGG ATG CTA AAC CAG 3′ and ST-2a: 5′ TCG ATT TAT TCA ACA AAG CAA C 3′;

[0027] the set of primers that hybridise for the gene encoding heat stabile toxin characteristic for enteroaggregative E. coli is EASTI-1: 5′ AAC TGC TGG GTA TGT GGC TGG 3′ and EASTI-2: 5′ TGC TGA CCT GCC TCT TCC ATG 3′;

[0028] the set of primers which hybridise to the pCVD432 plasmid is EA-1: 5′ CTG GCG AAA GAC TGT ATC ATT G 3′ and EA-2: 5′ TAA TGT ATA GAA ATC CGC TGT T 3′;

[0029] the set of primers which hybridise to the inv-plasmid is EI-1: 5′ TTT CTG GAT GGT ATG GTG AGG 3′ and EI-2: 5′ CTT GAA CAT AAG GAA ATA AAC 3′;

[0030] the set of primers which hybridise to the EAF plasmid is EP-1: 5′ CAG GGT AAA AGA AAG ATG ATA AG 3′ and EP-2: 5′ AAT ATG GGG ACC ATG TAT TAT C 3′;

[0031] the set of primers which hybridise to the eae gene is EPeh-1: 5′ CCC GGA CCC GGC ACA AGC ATA AG 3′ and EPeh-2: 5′ AGT CTC GCC AGT ATT CGC CAC C 3′;

[0032] the primers which hybridises to the gene encoding shiga-like toxin SltI is SltI-1: 5′ ATG AAA AAA ACA TTA TTA ATA GC 3′ and SltI-2: 5′ TCA CYG AGC TAT TCT GAG TCA AGC 3′; and

[0033] the primers which hybridises to the gene encoding shiga-like toxin SltII is SltII-1: 5′ ATG AAG AAG ATR WTT RTD GCR GYT TTA TTY G 3′ and SltII-2: 5′ TCA GTC ATW ATT AAA CTK CAC YTS RGC AAA KCC 3′

[0034] wherein W is A/T, R is A/G, D is A/G/T, Y is C/T and K is G/T;

[0035] the method as above wherein a polymerase having additional 5′-3′ exonuclease activity is used for the amplification of DNA, and an oligonucleotide probe labelled at the most 5′ base with a fluorescent dye and at the most 3′ base with a fluorescent quencher dye which hybridises within the target DNA is included in the amplification process; said labelled oligonucleotide probe being susceptible to 5′-3′ exonuclease degradation by said polymerase to produce fragments that can be detected by fluorogenic detection methods;

[0036] the method as above wherein

[0037] the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of heat labile toxin characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli is

^(5′) AGC TCC CCA GTC TAT TAC AGA ACT ATG ^(3′);

[0038] the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of heat stabile toxin characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli is

^(5′) ACA TAC GTT ACA GAC ATA ATC AGA ATC AG ^(3′);

[0039] the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of heat stabile toxin characteristic for enteroaggregative E. coli is

^(5′) ATG AAG GGG CGA AGT TCT GGC TCA ATG TGC ^(3′);

[0040] the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of pCVD432 plasmid is

^(5′) CTC TTT TAA CTT ATG ATA TGT AAT GTC TGG ^(3′);

[0041] the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of the inv-plasmid is;

^(5′) CAA AAA CAG AAG AAC CTA TGT CTA CCT ^(3′)

[0042] the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of the EAF-plasmid is;

^(5′) CTT GGA GTG ATC GAA CGG GAT CCA AAT ^(3′);

[0043] the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of the eae gene is

^(5′0) TAA ACG GGT ATT ATC AAC AGA AAA ATC C ^(3′);

[0044] the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of shiga-like toxin SltI gene is

^(5′) TCG CTG AAT CCC CCT CCA TTA TGA CAG GCA ^(3′); and

[0045] the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of shiga-like toxin SltII gene is

5′ CAG GTA CTG GAT TTG ATT GTG ACA GTC ATT ^(3′);

[0046] the method as above wherein the fluoroscent reporter dye is 6-carboxy- fluoroscein, tetrachloro-6-carboxy-fluoroscein, or hexachloro-6-carboxy- fluoroscein, and the fluorescent quencher dye is 6-carboxytetramethyl- rhodamine;

[0047] the method as above wherein the PCR amplification process consists of 35 PCR cycles at a MgCl₂ concentration of 5.2 mmol, an annealing temperature of 55° C. and an extension temperature of 65° C.;

[0048] a set of primers useful for PCR amplification of DNA specific for virulence factors/toxins of pathogenic E. coli selected from:

[0049] a set of primers that hybridise to a gene encoding heat labile toxin, or heat stabile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli;

[0050] a set of primers that hybridise to a gene encoding heat stabile toxin of enteroaggregative E. coli;

[0051] a set of primers that hybridise to the pCVD432 plasmid of enteroaggregative E. coli;

[0052] a set of primers that hybridise to the inv-plasmid of enteroinvasive E. coli;

[0053] a set of primers that hybridise to the EAF plasmid, or the eae gene of enteropathogenic E. coli; and

[0054] a set of primers that hybridise to the gene encoding shiga-like toxin sltI or sltI of enterohemorrhagic E. coli;

[0055] the set of primers as above wherein

[0056] the set of primers which hybridise to the gene encoding heat labile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli is LT-1: 5′ GCG TTA CTA TCC TCT CTA TGT G 3 and LT-2: 5′ AGT TTT CCA TAC TGA TTG CCG C 3′;

[0057] the set of primers which hybridise to the gene encoding heat stabile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli is ST-1: 5′ TCC CTC AGG ATG CTA AAC CAG 3′ and ST-2a: 5′ TCG ATT TAT TCA ACA AAG CAA C 3′;.

[0058] the set of primers which hybridise to the gene encoding heat stabile toxin of enteroaggregative E. coli is EASTI-1: 5′ AAC TGC TGG GTA TGT GGC TGG 3′ and EASTI-2: 5′ TGC TGA CCT GCC TCT TCC ATG 3′;

[0059] the set of primers which hybridise to the pCVD432 plasmid is EA-1: 5′ CTG GCG AAA GAC TGT ATC ATT G 3′ and EA-2: 5′ TAA TGT ATA GAA ATC CGC TGT T 3′;

[0060] the set of primers which hybridise to the inv-plasmid is EI-1: 5′ TTT CTG GAT GGT ATG GTG AGG 3′ and EI-2: 5′ CTT GAA CAT AAG GAA ATA AAC 3′;

[0061] the set of primers which hybridise to the EAF plasmid is EP-1: 5′ CAG GGT AAA AGA AAG ATG ATA AG 3′ and EP-2: 5′ AAT ATG GGG ACC ATG TAT TAT C 3′;

[0062] the set of primers which hybridise to the eae gene is EPeh-1: 5′ CCC GGA CCC GGC ACA AGC ATA AG 3′ and EPeh-2: 5′ AGT CTC GCC AGT ATT CGC CAC C 3′;

[0063] the set of primers which hybridise to the shiga-like toxin sltI gene is SltI-1: 5′ ATG AAA AAA ACA TTA TTA ATA GC 3′ and SltI-2: 5′ TCA CYG AGC TAT TCT GAG TCA AGC 3′;

[0064] and

[0065] the set of primers which hybridise to the shiga-like toxin sltII is SltII-1: 5′ ATG AAG AAG ATR WTT RTD GCR GYT TTA TTY G 3′ and SltII-2: 5′ TCA GTC ATW ATT AAA CTK CAC YTS RGC AAA KCC 3′

[0066] wherein W is A/T, R is A/G, D is A/G/T, Y is C/T and K is G/T; the set of primers as above which in addition to the primers for amplification of target DNA comprise a labelled oligonucleotide probe which is labelled with a fluoroscent reporter dye, such as 6-carboxy-fluoroscein, tetrachloro-6-carboxy-fluoroscein, hexachloro-6-carboxy-fluoroscein, at the most 5′ base and a fluoroscent quencher dye, such as 6-carboxytetramethyl-rhodamine, at the most 3′ base, and have a nucleotide sequence selected from

^(5′) AGC TCC CCA GTC TAT TAC AGA ACT ATG ^(3′)

[0067] which hybridises to a gene encoding heat labile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli;

^(5′) ACA TAC GTT ACA GAC ATA ATC AGA ATC AG ^(3′)

[0068] which hybridises to a gene encoding heat stabile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli;

^(5′) ATG AAG GGG CGA AGT TCT GGC TCA ATG TGC ^(3′)

[0069] which hybridises to a gene encoding heat stabile toxin of enteroaggregative E. coli;

^(5′) CTC TTT TAA CTT ATG ATA TGT AAT GTC TGG ^(3′)

[0070] which hybridises to the pCVD432 plasmid;

^(5′)CAA AAA CAG AAG AAC CTA TGT CTA CCT ^(3′)

[0071] which hybridises to the inv-plasmid;

^(5′) CTT GGA GTG ATC GAA CGG GAT CCA AAT ^(3′)

[0072] which hybridises to the EAF plasmid;

^(5′) TAA ACG GGT ATT ATC AAC AGA AAA ATC C ^(3′)

[0073] which hybridises to the eae gene;

5′ TCG CTG AAT CCC CCT CCA TTA TGA CAG GCA ^(3′)

[0074] which hybridises to the shiga-like toxin SltI gene; and

^(5′) CAG GTA CTG GAT TTG ATT GTG ACA CTC ATT ^(3′)

[0075] which hybridises to the shiga-like toxin SltII gene; the use of the method as above for diagnosing an E. coli infection of a living animal body, including a human, or for the detection of E. coli contamination of consumables, such as meat, milk and vegetables.

THE INVENTION

[0076] Conventional methods used to detect PCR amplification are laboursome, employ potentially carcinogenic substances (ethidium bromide gel electrophoresis), and are not suited as a routine assay method in the microbiological routine laboratory (68-72). This poses a serious problem, especially when potential pathogenic bacteria cannot be differentiated from facultative pathogenic or apathogenic ones due to characteristic biochemical, serological and/ or morphological criteria. Thus, specific nucleic acid-based diagnostic methods that directly detect virulence factors or toxins harbored by these species are mandatory. This is in principal the case for the diagnosis of pathogenic E. coli bacteria. Biochemical properties of EHEC, EPEC, EIEC, ETEC, and EaggEC are not unique and cannot be used for setting them apart from other E. coli strains (54,60-62). Furthermore, virulence plasmids of E. coli can be found in other enterobacteria as well (38,48,83,88,89). Because of the diverse serological makeup, identification of pathogenic E. coli by serotyping is also not an accurate means of identification (12,15,28-32). Classical colony hybridization assays with probes specific for characteristic virulence factor and/or toxin genes are laborous and timeconsuming (66,67). Classical PCR methods require various post-PCR steps in order to verify whether specific amplification of a target gene has occured (68-72). The TaqMan™-PCR detection system (74,75,90) enables the rapid, specific, sensitive, and high-throughput diagnosis for differentiation of pathogenic E. coli strains from other strains of E. coli. The assay has the ability to quantify the intial target sequence. Since PCR-reaction tubes have not to be opened after PCR cycling, the potential danger of cross-PCR contamination is almost neglegible. The scanning time of 96 samples is approximately 8 min, and calculation of test results can be automated with a commercially available spred sheet program. Thus, overall post-PCR processing time is cut to a minimum.

[0077] The TaqMan™-System relies on standard PCR technique with the addition of a specific internal fluorogenic oligonucleotide probe. The combination of conventional PCR with the Taq polymerase-dependent degradation of an internally hybridized oligonucleotide probe confers also specificity to this detection method, since it is highly unlikely that unspecific PCR amplification will yield positive fluorescence signals. Some rules for chosing the fluorigenic probes have to be obeyed (74,75). Criticial are the length of the probe, the location of reporter and quencher dyes and the absence of a guanosine at the 5′-end (74). Also, the distance of the probe from one of the specific PCR primers is important. This is due to the fact that the probe has to stay annealed to the template strand in order to be cleaved by Taq polymerase. Since annealing depends, at least partially, on the T_(m) of the probe, probes should be designed to have a higher T_(m) as the primers. According to the present invention this was solved (except for sltII) by designing probes that were 3 to 6 bp longer than the specific primers. PCR amplification includes extension of the target sequence after annealing of the primers and the T_(m) of the extended primers increases. For the fluorogenic oligonucleotide probe, where the 3′-end is capped in order to avoid elongation, the T_(m) remains constant, making it more likely that the probe dissociates before degradation by Taq polymerase. Oligonucleotide probe degradation can be optimized by spatial proximity of the fluorogenic probe and the primer. By moving the probe for sItI from 121 bp to 9 bp close to the primer, a significant improvement in ΔRQ values could be obtained. A second strategy of optimization of TaqMan-™-PCR is to perform PCR elongation at 65° C., where it is also less likely that the probe dissociates from the template strand before Taq polymerase reaches and hydrolizes it. Values for ΔRQ can thus again be increased about 1.2 to 1.5 fold. The increase of ΔRQ values might be due to the ratio of annealed oligonucleotide probe reached by Taq polymerase or to an increased processivity of Taq polymerase.

[0078] The concentration of fluorogenic probes influences the accuracy of TaqMan™-results. When the probe concentrations were >50 pmol/PCR reaction only a relatively small fraction was hydrolysed by Taq polymerase. The ratio of undegraded probe to degraded probe remains high and the fluorescence emmission of the unquenched reporter dye does not significantly increase in relation to the fluorescence intensity of the reporter dye still close to the quencher. Thus, at high probe concentrations, ΔRQ values are lower than with intermediate probe concentrations (10-20 pmol). When the probe concentration is too low, ΔRQ values are increased, however, variability of PCR results is increased, since probably small errors in pipeting or minimal differences between PCR reactions become critical. Optimal probe concentration that yielded smallest variabilties and highest RQ values were found at a probe concentration of 20 pmol.

[0079] Since TaqMan™-PCR uses an internal oligonucleotide probe for detection of template amplification, specific primers and probes can be amply designed. The design of primer and probe sequences is especially important, when nucleotide sequence variants of a given gene exist. This is the case for sltI and sltII. For sltI, all published sequences were aligned and primers and probes were designed to bind to conserved regions of all three variants. For sltII, only one region of the published genes was conserved, thus this region was chosen for the fluorogenic oligonucleotide probe. The primers for amplification of sltII were designed to contain all possible nucleotide sequences at the ambiguous positions of the published sltII variants (degenerate primer approach) (79-83). By employing degenerate primers, it is possible to detect all published variants in one single PCR reaction.

[0080] The isolation method for template DNA affects the performance of the PCR. Two methods, that are suited as rapid purification steps for routine applications, namely boiling prep or spin prep were compared. Boiling preps may still contain some bacterial components that can affect PCR reactions, however, it is extremely fast. The spin prep method involves isolation steps that serve to purify DNA from potentially negatively influencing materials. ΔRQ values and sensitivity of TaqMan™-PCR for virulence genes from enterobacteria was not found significantly increased as compared to boiling preps when template DNA was prepared by spin prep method.

[0081] The overall sensitivity of TaqMan-PCR for all primer/probe combinations was comparable to visual scoring of PCR products by detection with ethidium bromide stained agarose gel electrophoresis. Under optimized conditions, as few as 10³ cfu sitI+ EHEC could be detected among 10⁷ non-pathogenic E. coli per PCR reaction.

[0082] The use of immunomagnetic detection methods for E. coli O157 (54,91) has been put forward as a means to improve sensitivity of EHEC diagnostics by enrichment of this serogroup since the first slt producing strains were found to be O157:H7 positive (1,2). However, it is obvious that EHEC that are O157 antigen negative will be missed by this method. It became clear during serotyping studies of recent EHEC isolates that the number of O157+ EHEC now is small as compared to non-O157 EHEC (12,15,28,29,31). In a recent study, conducted in Southern Germany only 2 of 13 isolates were O157 positive (92). Immunomagnetic detection methods for other O serotypes are currently not available. Also, other enterobacteria such as Citrobacter sp. (83) and Enterobacter sp. (89) that can harbor shiga like toxins would be missed in the case of biased enrichment procedures previous to analysis of virulence genes. Thus, TaqMan™-based PCR that is designed for detection of virulence genes in all enterobacteria appears to be superior.

[0083] The infectious agents of a large proportion of diarrheal diseases is not known. Routine screening for bacterial pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract encompasses Salmonella sp., Shigella sp, S. aureus, Campylobacter sp., Vibrio sp., Yersinia sp., and C. difficile (32). It is well recognized that pathogenic E. coli such as ETEC, EHEC, EIEC, and EaggEC are important pathogens of the lower gastrointestinal tract and therefore might significantly contribute to the number of diarrheal infections (32). However, no routine bacteriological diagnostic procedures for these bacteria are performed, and, moreover, in most cases these pathogenic E, coli are misdiagnosed under the category of non-pathogenic “commensal flora”. in order to address this problem a set of specific primers and fluorogenic probes were developed and optimized for TaqMan-™-based detection of virulence factors harbored by these bacteria (Tables 2 and 3). Arranging patient samples, positive and no-template controls of all 8 tested virulence genes in a standard 96 well microtiter format, a turnaround time from preparation of sample DNA to fluorescence measurement of under 5 hours can be achieved. Thus, the TaqMan™-based assay for pathogenic E. coli provides an ultrarapid means of diagnosis of these bacteria. While being accurate, sensitive and specific, this assay requires minimal post-PCR processing time compared to conventional methods. When TaqMan-™ PCR is performed in optical tubes also the danger of cross-contamination of PCR reactions with amplified products is reduced to a minimum. Detection of virulence plasmids harbored by pathogenic enterobacteria might prove the potential of these bacteria to cause disease in the host. It is not clear whether enterobacteria that contain toxin genes or attachment factors do also always express them outside the host. This might be an explanation why ELISA tests for shiga like toxins might be negative in a number of HUS cases where sltI and/or sltII containing EHECs can be detected by nucleic acid based methods.

[0084] The TaqMan™-assay according to the invention for detection of pathogenic E. coli was then tested in a routine diagnostic setting for the examination of stool samples obtained from children with diarrhea within a defined geographic area (Southern Bavaria) during a 7 month period. Results obtained by TaqMan™-PCR were compared to the standard detection method for PCR products (electrophoresis of ethidium stained agarose gels). 100 stool samples were analysed (Table 4). 22% of samples were found to test positive for one or more virulence factors. There were 2 cases of EHEC, 5 ETEC, 8 EaggEC, 1 EIEC, and 16 EPEC. This means that ⅕ of children with diarrhea probably suffered from diarrhea caused by pathogenic E. coli. These numbers are far higher than these for all other groups of routinely screened bacterial gastrointestinal tract pathogens. Only 2 cases of salmonella and no campylobacter were observed within this group.

[0085] Interestingly, the two children diagnosed with EHEC were severely sick, one suffered from hemorrhagic colitis, the other developed HUS and had to be treated in a critical care unit.

[0086] Collectively, these investigations show that a large proportion of diarrheal diseases in children and also in adults are associated with pathogenic E. coli that are falsely diagnosed as commensal flora in standard microbiological procedures. The TaqMan™-methodology according to the invention for the first time enables the direct, fast, specific, and sensitive detection of these important pathogens. Moreover, virulence genes detected with this approach are not confined to E. coli, they also can be freely transmitted to other enterobacteria. Detection of the virulence genes within these bacteria would also be covered by the herein described TaqMan™-PCR. The assay requires only minimal post-PCR detection time, can thus be performed under 18 hours, and abolishes PCR-cross contamination problems.

[0087] According to the present invention E. coli virulence factor/toxin genes were used as targets for PCR amplification. PCR primers and fluorogenic probes were published sequences. Eight different primer and probe sets for detection of pathogenic groups of E. coli and related enterobacteria were specifically chosen, see table 1.

[0088] Primer sequences and their locations with GenBank accessions are detailed in Table 2. Detection of EHEC sltl is based on consensus primer and probe sequences after alignment of sltI homologous genes (Genbank accessions Z36899, Z36900, and Z36901) (77,78). Detection of sltII variants is based on published sequences of homologous genes (Genbank accessions M76738, Z37725, L11079, X67515, M59432, M29153, M36727, and M21534) (79-83). For amplification of sltII, degenerate primer sets proved optimal. Diagnosis of ETEC is based on amplification of either heat labile (LT) (84) or heat stable toxin (ST) (36), EaggEC on pCVD432 plasmid sequences (40,50), EIEC -on inv-plasmid sequences (38,48), EPEC on E. coli attaching and effacing gene (EAF plasmid) (37,85) or E. coli gene for EHEC attaching and effacing protein (eae) (86). PCR control amplification for integrity of DNA preparations was performed using primers specific for the E. coli parC gene (topoisomerase IV, Genbank accession M58408) (87).

[0089] Oligonucleotide probes and their Genbank Ref. are shown in table 3. Oligonucleotide probes were designed (if possible) with a GC-content of 40-60%, no G-nucleotide at the 5′-end, length of probes was 27 to 30 bp. Probes were covalently conjugated with a fluorescent reporter dye (e.g. 6-carboxy-fluorescein [FAM]; λ_(em)=518 nm) and a fluorescent quencher dye (6-carboxytetram-ethyl-rhodamine [TAMRA]; λ_(em)=582 nm) at the most 5′ and most 3′ base, respectively. All primers and probes were obtained from Perkin Elmer, Germany.

[0090] TaqMan™-PCR was optimized by isolation of DNA from E. coli control strains harboring genes for LT, ST, inv-plasmid, pCVD342, EAF, eae, sltI and sltII (see Table 1). MgCl₂ concentrations were adjusted for maximum PCR product yields (as verified by agarose gel electrophoresis) and RQ values (RQ=FAM_(fluorescence intensity)/TAMRA_(fluorescence intensity)) with the above mentioned pathogenic E. coli control strains. Optimum PCR reactions for all primer/fluorigenic probes used were obtained at a MgCl₂ concentration of 5.2 mmol, 35 PCR cycles, an annealing temperature of 55° C. and an extension temperature of 65° C. Extension at 65° C. was found to yield higher RQ values, probably due to a lower rate of template/fluorogenic probe dissociation before degradation by Taq-polymerase.

[0091] The E. coli sltl gene was used as a target sequence for establishment of PCR and analysing different locations of probes relative to the PCR primers. Primers were designed to anneal in conserved regions of the sltI genes (see above). Two probes, sltI-NO located 132 bp upstream of one primer and sltI-N1, placed at a 21 bp distance from the primer were compared. RQ values achieved with probe sltI-N1(RQ_(m)=6.3800) were reproducably found higher than RQ values generated with probe sltI-NO (RQ_(m)=0.9620) at equal template concentrations of the E. coli sltI control DNA. Generally, also probes specific for other target genes that were located close (4 to 20 bp) to one of the two PCR primers yielded consistently higher RQ values than probes that were placed at a greater distance from the primers.

[0092] The influence of DNA preparation on the performance of TaqMan™-PCR was tested, since it has been reported that crude bacterial lysates can contain inhibiting factors that might interfere with PCR performance. Therefore, bacteria were collected after overnight growth on McConkey plates. DNA was prepared by boiling of bacteria inoculated in 0.9% NaCl solution or by isolation of genomic DNA with a commercial spin prep procedure (see the example, material and methods). The RQ values and sensititvity of TaqMan™-PCR did not differ when the two preparation methods were compared. The RQ values obtained for PCR amplifications from DNA derived from 10⁵ sltI or sltII containing EHEC prepared by boiling or by spin prep comparable.

[0093] The TaqMan™-PCR method relies on the detection of free reporter dye (FAM) that is released from the probe after hydrolysis. Thus, probe concentration should also have an effect on the assay performance by affecting the fraction of the probe that is degraded during PCR cycling. Probe concentrations were titrated in the range of 100 pmol to 0.1 pmol and ΔRQ values were determined. Optimal probe concentrations varied in between 10 pmol and 20 pmol depending on the target gene that was amplified.

[0094] For testing sensitivity of TaqMan-PCR, EHEC containing either sltl or sltII were diluted in a suspension containing E. coli strain ATCC11775 at 10⁷ cfu at log step dilutions. PCR was performed under optimized conditions and results from ethidium-bromide stained agarose gels were compared to TaqMan™ results. Minimum detection limits of a sltI containing EHEC strain was 10³ cfu within 10⁷. For sltII the detection limit was found at 10^(3.5) cfu in 10⁷ enterobacteria. Both methods, detection of PCR products by agarose gel electrophoresis and measurement of fluorescence signals by the TaqMan method yielded comparable results, i.e. that at ΔRQ values above ΔRQ_(threshold) PCR product bands were visible in agarose gels, whereas at ΔRQ values around ΔRQ_(threshold) also in agarose gels PCR products were below the detection limit. After optimizing detection tests for all virulence factors/toxins, TaqMan™-PCR was set up for routine testing of biological specimen for the presence of pathogenic E. coli bacteria. Results of TaqMan™-PCR were compared to agarose gel electrophoresis.

[0095] The following example will illustrate the invention further. It is, however, not to be construed as limiting.

EXAMPLE 1. Prevalence of Pathogenic E. coli in Stool Specimens from Children with Diarrhea was Tested Using the Method According to the Invention

[0096] In order to verify TaqMan™-PCR performance and to test for the occurence of pathogenic E. coli screening of 100 stool specimens from children of age 0 to 10 years with the clinical symptoms of diarrhea was undertaken. The materials and methods used in the test are described in more detail below under item 2.

[0097] Collection of specimen took place fom June to October 1996. All samples in this study were derived from the area of Southern Bavaria. Stool specimen were plated on McConkey agar, incubated overnight and enterobacteria were collected. DNA was isolated and used as template in PCR reactions containing specific primers and fluorigenic probes for sltI, sltII, LT, ST, EAF-plasmid, eae-gene, inv-plasmid, and pCVD432. For verification of the integrity of DNA from individual preparations a control PCR reaction was set up, containing primers and an internal fluorigenic probe for amplification of the parC gene of E. coli. As a positive assay control, one PCR reaction was performed within each assay, where DNA from a positive control strain for the respective virulence factor/toxin was present.. Applying this method reliable, specific and sensitive detection of all target genes could be achieved. Systematic analysis of 100 stool specimen derived from children suffering from diarrhea yielded 22 samples where one, two or three of the virulence factors/toxins of pathogenic E. coli could be detected. In detail, 2 patients harbored EHEC (one with hemorrhagic colitis and one developed HUS). 3 patients tested positive for ETEC, 16 for EPEC, 1 for EIEC, and 8 for EaggEC (see Table 4). The patient suffering from hemorrhagic colitis tested positive for sltI and eae, the patient developing HUS tested positive for sltI, sltII and eae. One patient simultaneously harbored ETEC (LT+,ST+), EPEC (eae+), and EaggEC (pCVD342+), one patient tested positive for EIEC (inv+) and EaggEC (pCVD342+), two stool specimen contained EPEC (eae+) and EaggEC (pCVD342).

[0098] Enterobacteria from the two patients with EHEC were hybridized with sltI and sltII gene probes for testing accuracy and specificity of TaqMan™-PCR. In the case of patient one, where TaqMan™-PCR was positive for sltI, only colonies hybridizing with sltI could be found. Colonies of patient two, where TaqMan™-PCR was positive for sltI and sltII, hybridized with probes for sltI and sltII. Positive colonies were picked and biochemically typed as E. coli.

[0099] Antibiotic susceptibilty testing revealed that EHEC strains were sensitive to broad spectrum penicillins, cephalosporins and gyrase inhibitors.

2. Materials and Methods

[0100] a) Bacterial strains, media, culture and DNA preparation: A number of EHEC, ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, and EaggEC E. coli strains were used as controls for accurate PCR amplification and were kindly provided by H. Karch, Würzburg, Germany and H. Beutin, Berlin, Germany (see Table 1) As a strain not harboring these virulence genes E. coli ATCC 11775 was used. For TaqMan™-PCR optimization, positive control strains were grown on McConkey agar (Becton Dickinson, Germany) at 37° C. After overnight culture, bacteria were collected and resuspended in 0.9% NaCl solution. Turbidity was adjusted to McFarland 0.5. DNA was either prepared by boiling (95° C., 10 min) or isolated using QiaAmp tissue kit spin prep columns (Qiagen, Germany). 10 μl of DNA suspension was used for PCR. Detection of pathogenic E. coli strains from stool specimen of humans or cows was performed after spreading an appropriate amount of stool on McConkey plates. After overnight culture all bacterial colonies from the surface of the McConkey plates were collected and processed as detailed above.

[0101] b) PCR-cyling: PCR recations were set up in 70 μl final volume in thin-walled 0.2 ml “optical PCR-tubes” (Perkin Elmer, Germany). The reaction mix contained: 10 μl of bacterial lysate, 5.25 μl 25 mmol MgCl₂, 7 μl 10×PCR buffer, 40 pmol primers, 20 pmol specific fluorogenic probe, 150 μM of each dATP, dTTP, dGTP, dCTP (Perkin Elmer), 1 U AmpliTaq-Polymerase (Perkin Elmer). A Perkin Elmer model 9600 thermal cycler was used for PCR cycling. Initial denaturation of bacterial DNA was performed by heating for 5 min to 94° C. All cycles included a denaturation step for 15 sec at 94° C., annealing for 1 min 30 sec at 55° C., and extension for 1 min 30 sec at 65° C. 35 cycles were performed.

[0102] c) Post-PCR processing: After completion of cycling, the fluorescence intensities of the reporter dye, FAM, and the quencher dye, TAMRA, were determined using a Perkin Elmer LS50B luminiscence spectrophotometer equipped with a plate reader and modified for fluorescence measurements of PCR reactions in optical tubes. ΔRQ values were calculated as described in (74). A ΔRQ_(threshold) value was calculated on the basis of a 99% confidence interval above the mean of the triplicate no template controls (ΔRQ_(threshold)=6.95×std_(mean of no template controls)). PCR reactions were scored positive if ΔRQ_(sample)>ΔRQ_(threshold) was given. For verification of the sensitivity of TaqMan™-measurements, PCR products were subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. 15 μl of sample were loaded with 2 μl sample buffer. PCR products were separated in 2% agarose gels containing ethidium bromide at 100V for 35 min. DNA was visualized under UV light and a digital image file was obtained using the Eagle EyeII System (Stratagene).

[0103] d) Verification of PCR amplificates: PCR product obtained from templates of respective positive control strains were directly subcloned into the TA cloning vector (Invitrogen, Germany) for verification of specificity of PCR amplification. After transfection (CaCl₂-method) of DH5α bacteria with the ligation products, plasmid containing bacteria were selected on ampicillin (Sigma, Germany) containing LB plates. Plasmid DNA was purified with Qiagen DNA purification columns (Quiagen, Germany). Inserts were PCR-cycle sequenced employing dideoxy-nucleotides conjugated to 4 dyes (DNA Dye terminator cycle sequencing kit, Perkin Elmer, Germany). Sequences were obtained with an Applied Biosystems model 373A (Applied Biosystems, Germany). Insert sequences were aligned to published sequences as referenced in Table 1 using the McDNAsis programme (Appligene, Great Britain). Sequence comparisons verified that the PCR products were identical to the respective virulence factors or toxins.

[0104] e) Sensitivity of TaqMan™ technique: For determination of the sensitivity of the TaqMan method, serial log-step dilutions of positive control strains were performed in a solution containing 10⁷ cfu of E. coli reference strain ATCC 11775 DNA was either prepared by the boiling method (see above) or purified using spin prep columns designed for isolation of genomic bacterial DNA (Qiagen, Germany). Purification was according to the protocol of the manufacturer. The detection limit for sltl containing strains was determined with 10³ cfu among 10⁷ E. coli and for sltII containing strains as 10^(3.5) among 10⁷.

[0105] f) Colony hybridisation and isolation of EHEC bacteria: EHEC bacterial strains and stool samples from patients testing positive in sltI or sltII TaqMan™-PCR were subjected to colony hybridisation. Briefly, bacteria were plated on McConkey agar plates such that single colonies could be seen. Bacteria were blotted on nylon membranes (Genescreen Plus, NEN, Germany), cracked (1% SDS), denatured (0.5M NaOH, 1.5M NaCl), neutralized (1M TRIS, 1.5M NaCl), and washed (20×SSC). Membranes were baked at 80° C. for 2 hours. DNA probes specific for sltI or sltII were labelled with fluorescein (Gene-Images random prime labelling module, Amersham, Germany). Afterwards, filters were hybridized with labelled probes. Hybridization was verified by non-radioactive detection system employing anti-FITC peroxidase mAb and ECL detection module (Gene-Images CDP-Star detection module, Amersham, Germany). Bacterial colonies hybridizing with the probe and non-hybridizing colonies were picked, verified by TaqMan-PCR and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Antibiotic susceptibility testing. EHEC and non-EHEC E. coli were picked from McConkey plates after testing for sItI or sltII or both toxin genes in colony hybridazation and MIC testing was performed according to NCCLS guidelines for enterobacteria. TABLE 1 E. coli strains - virulence factors/toxins Strain Group number Serotype Virulence factor/toxin EHEC 1193/89 O157:H- sltI, eae 3574/92 O157:H7 sltII, eae A9167C O157:H7 sltI, sltIIc, eae 5769/87 O157:H7 sltI, sltII, eae  427/89 O157:H- sltI, sltIIc, eae 1249/87 O157:H7 sltII, sltIIc, eae ETEC  147/1 O128:H- ST  164/82 O148:H28 LT EPEC  111/87 O111 EAF, eae 12810 O114:H2 EAF, eae EIEC 76-5 O143 inv-plasmid 12860 O124 inv-plasmid EaggEC pCVD432 plasmid control ATCC 11775 —

[0106] TABLE 2 Primers for detection of pathogenic E. coli. W is A/T, R is A/G, D is A/G/T, Y is C/T and K is G/T. Size Virulence location of factor/ Sequence of PCR Gen- Group toxin Primer (5′→3′) primer product bankRef. Ref. ETEC LT LT-1 gcg tta cta tcc tct 874-895 339 S60731 (84) cta tgt g LT-2 agt ttt cca tac tga 1213-1192 ttg ccg c ST ST-1 tcc ctc agg atg cta 100-120 260 M34916 (36) aac cag ST-2a tcg att tat tca aca 360-339 aag caa c EaggEC pCVD432 EA-1 ctg gcg aaa gac 66-87 629 X81423 (40, 50) plasmid tgt atc att g EA-2 taa tgt ata gaa atc 695-674 cgc tgt t EIEC inv- EI-1 ttt ctg gat ggt atg 17786-17806 303 D50601 (38, 48) plasmid gtg agg emb EI-2 ctt gaa cat aag 18089-18069 gaa ata aac EPEC EAF EP-1 cag ggt aaa aga 546-568 398 X76137 (37, 85) plasmid aag atg ata ag EP-2 aat atg ggg acc 944-923 atg tat tat c eae EPeh-1 ccc gga ccc ggc  91-113 872 Z11541 (86) aca agc ata ag EPeh-2 agt ctc gcc agt att 963-942 cgc cac c EHEC sltI sltI-1 atg aaa aaa aca 1113-1135 287 Z36899 (77, 78) tta tta ata gc sltI-2 tca cyg agc tat tct 1400-1376 gag tca acg sltII sltII-1 atg aag aag atr 1148-1178 265 L11079 (79-83) wtt rtd gcr sltII-2 gyt tta tty g 1413-1385 tca gtc atw att aaa ctk cac yts rgc aaa kcc control parC par-1 aac ctg ttc agc gcc 141-161 260 M58408 (87) gca ttg par-2 aca acc ggg att 401-381 cgg tgt aac

[0107] TABLE 3 TaqMan ™-probes used for detection of pathogenic E. coli virulence Gen- factor/ Probe for Taqman ™ bank Group toxin (FAM-5′→3′-TAMRA) bp Ref. Ref. ETEC LT agc tcc cca gtc tat tac aga act atg 903-929 S60731 (84) ST aca tac gtt aca gac ata atc aga atc ag 334-306 M34916 (36) EaggEC pCVD432 ctc ttt taa ctt atg ata tgt aat gtc tgg 668-639 X81423 (40, 50) plasmid EIEC inv- caa aaa cag aag aac cta tgt cta cct 18063-18037 D50601 (38, 48) plasmid emb EPEC EAF- ctt gga gtg atc gaa cgg gat cca aat 575-601 X76137 (37, 85) plasmid eae taa acg ggt att atc acc aga aaa atc c 935-908 Z11541 (86) EHEC sltI tcg ctg aat ccc cct cca tta tga cag gca 1367-1338 Z36899 (77, 78) sltII cag gta ctg gat ttg att gtg aca gtc att 1371-1342 L11079 (79-83) control parC atg tct gaa ctg ggc ctg aat gcc agc 169-199 M58408 (87) gcc

[0108] TABLE 4 Frequency of pathogenic E. coli in stool samples of children with diarrhea (n = 100) Agar gel TaqMan: electrophores virulence number of is: number of factor/ positive positive pathogenic Group toxin isolates isolates group ETEC LT 2 2 5 ST 3 3 EaggEC 60 kb 8 8 8 plasmid EIEC inv plasmid 1 1 1 EPEC EAF plasmid 1 1 16 eae 15 15 EHEC sltI 2 2 2 sltII 1 1 control parC 100 100

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1 30 1 22 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(22) 1 gcg tta cta tcc tct cta tgt g 22 Ala Leu Leu Ser Ser Leu Cys 1 5 2 22 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(22) 2 agt ttt cca tac tga ttg ccg c 22 Ser Phe Pro Tyr * Leu Pro 1 5 3 21 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(21) 3 tcc ctc agg atg cta aac cag 21 Ser Leu Arg Met Leu Asn Gln 1 5 4 22 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(22) 4 tcg att tat tca aca aag caa c 22 Ser Ile Tyr Ser Thr Lys Gln 1 5 5 21 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(21) 5 aac tgc tgg gta tgt ggc tgg 21 Asn Cys Trp Val Cys Gly Trp 1 5 6 21 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(21) 6 tgc tga cct gcc tct tcc atg 21 Cys * Pro Ala Ser Ser Met 1 5 7 22 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(22) 7 ctg gcg aaa gac tgt atc att g 22 Leu Ala Lys Asp Cys Ile Ile 1 5 8 22 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(22) 8 taa tgt ata gaa atc cgc tgt t 22 * Cys Ile Glu Ile Arg Cys 1 5 9 21 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(21) 9 ttt ctg gat ggt atg gtg agg 21 Phe Leu Asp Gly Met Val Arg 1 5 10 21 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(21) 10 ctt gaa cat aag gaa ata aac 21 Leu Glu His Lys Glu Ile Asn 1 5 11 23 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(23) 11 cag ggt aaa aga aag atg ata ag 23 Gln Gly Lys Arg Lys Met Ile 1 5 12 22 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(22) 12 aat atg ggg acc atg tat tat c 22 Asn Met Gly Thr Met Tyr Tyr 1 5 13 23 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(23) 13 ccc gca ccc ggc aca agc ata ag 23 Pro Ala Pro Gly Thr Ser Ile 1 5 14 22 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(22) 14 agt ctc gcc agt att cgc cac c 22 Ser Leu Ala Ser Ile Arg His 1 5 15 23 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(23) 15 atg aaa aaa aca tta tta ata gc 23 Met Lys Lys Thr Leu Leu Ile 1 5 16 24 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(24) 16 tca cyg agc tat tct gag tca agc 24 Ser Xaa Ser Tyr Ser Glu Ser Ser 1 5 17 31 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(31) 17 atg aag aag atr wtt rtd gcr gyt tta tty g 31 Met Lys Lys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Leu Phe 1 5 10 18 33 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(33) 18 tca gtc atw att aaa ctk cac yts rgc aaa kcc 33 Ser Val Xaa Ile Lys Xaa His Xaa Xaa Lys Xaa 1 5 10 19 27 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(27) 19 agc tcc cca gtc tat tac aga act atg 27 Ser Ser Pro Val Tyr Tyr Arg Thr Met 1 5 20 29 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(29) 20 aca tac gtt aca gac ata atc aga atc ag 29 Thr Tyr Val Thr Asp Ile Ile Arg Ile 1 5 21 30 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(30) 21 atg aag ggg cga agt tct ggc tca atg tgc 30 Met Lys Gly Arg Ser Ser Gly Ser Met Cys 1 5 10 22 30 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(30) 22 ctc ttt taa ctt atg ata tgt aat gtc tgg 30 Leu Phe * Leu Met Ile Cys Asn Val Trp 1 5 23 27 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(27) 23 caa aaa cag aag aac cta tgt cta cct 27 Gln Lys Gln Lys Asn Leu Cys Leu Pro 1 5 24 27 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(27) 24 ctt gga gtg atc gaa cgg gat cca aat 27 Leu Gly Val Ile Glu Arg Asp Pro Asn 1 5 25 28 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(28) 25 taa acg ggt att atc aac aga aaa atc c 28 * Thr Gly Ile Ile Asn Arg Lys Ile 1 5 26 30 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(30) 26 tcg ctg aat ccc cct cca tta tga cag gca 30 Ser Leu Asn Pro Pro Pro Leu * Gln Ala 1 5 27 30 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(30) 27 cag gta ctg gat ttg att gtg aca gtc att 30 Gln Val Leu Asp Leu Ile Val Thr Val Ile 1 5 10 28 21 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(21) 28 aac ctg ttc agc gcc gca ttg 21 Asn Leu Phe Ser Ala Ala Leu 1 5 29 21 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(21) 29 aca acc ggg att cgg tgt aac 21 Thr Thr Gly Ile Arg Cys Asn 1 5 30 30 DNA Escherichia coli CDS (1)...(30) 30 atg tct gaa ctg ggc ctg aat gcc agc gcc 30 Met Ser Glu Leu Gly Leu Asn Ala Ser Ala 1 5 10 

1. A method for the detection of pathogenic E. coli in a sample comprising PCR amplification of DNA isolated from said sample using a set of oligonucleotide primers specific for virulence factors/toxins of pathogenic E. coli selected from primers that hybridise to a gene encoding heat labile toxin, or heat stabile toxin for the amplification of a DNA sequence characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli; primers that hybridise to a gene encoding heat stabile toxin for the amplification of a DNA sequence characteristic for enteroaggregative E. coli; primers that hybridise to the pCVD432 plasmid for the amplification of a DNA sequence characteristic for enteroaggregative E. coli; primers that hybridise to the inv-plasmid for the amplification of a DNA sequence contained in enteroinvasive E. coli; primers that hybridise to the EAF plasmid, or the eae gene for the amplification of a DNA sequence characteristic for enteropathogenic E. coli; and/or primers that hybridise to the genes encoding shiga-like toxin sltI or sltII for the amplification of a DNA sequence characteristic for enterohemorrhagic E. coli, followed by detection and identification of the amplified product using conventional methods.
 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the set of primers that hybridise to the gene encoding heat labile toxin characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli is LT-1: 5′ GCG TTA CTA TCC TCT CTA TGT G 3′ and LT-2: 5′ AGT TTT CCA TAC TGA TTG CCG C 3′;

the set of primers that hybridise to the gene encoding heat stabile toxin characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli is ST-1: 5′ TCC CTC AGG ATG CTA AAC CAG 3′ and ST-2a: 5′ TCG ATT TAT TCA ACA AAG CAA C 3′;

the set of primers that hybridise for the gene encoding heat stabile toxin characteristic for enteroaggregative E. coli is EASTI-1: 5′ AAC TGC TGG GTA TGT GGC TGG 3′ and EASTI-2: 5′ TGC TGA CCT GCC TCT TCC ATG 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the pCVD432 plasmid is EA-1: 5′ CTG GCG AAA GAC TGT ATC ATT G 3′ and EA-2: 5′ TAA TGT ATA GAA ATC CGC TGT T 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the inv-plasmid is EI-1: 5′ TTT CTG GAT GGT ATG GTG AGG 3′ and EI-2: 5′ CTT GAA CAT AAG GAA ATA AAC 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the EAF plasmid is EP-1: 5′ CAG GGT AAA AGA AAG ATG ATA AG 3′ and EP-2: 5′ AAT ATG GGG ACC ATG TAT TAT C 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the eae gene is EPeh-1: 5′ CCC GGA CCC GGC ACA AGC ATA AG 3′ and EPeh-2: 5′ AGT CTC GCC AGT ATT CGC CAC C 3′;

the primers which hybridises to the gene encoding shiga-like toxin SltI is SltI-1: 5′ ATG AAA AAA ACA TTA TTA ATA GC 3′ and SltI-2: 5′ TCA CYG AGC TAT TCT GAG TCA AGC 3′; and

the primers which hybridises to the gene encoding shiga-like toxin SltII is SltII-1: 5′ ATG AAG AAG ATR WTT RTD GCR GYT TTA TTY G 3′ and SltII-2: 5′ TCA GTC ATW ATT AAA CTK CAC YTS RGC AAA KCC 3′

wherein W is A/T, R is A/G, D is A/G/T, Y is C/T and K is G/T.
 3. The method according to claims 1 to 2 wherein a polymerase having additional 5′-3′ exonuclease activity is used for the amplification of DNA, and an oligonucleotide probe labelled at the most 5′ base with a fluorescent dye and at the most 3′ base with a fluorescent quencher dye which hybridises within the target DNA is included in the amplification process; said labelled oligonucleotide probe being susceptible to 5′-3′ exonuclease degradation by said polymerase to produce fragments that can be detected by fluorogenic detection methods.
 4. The method according to claim 3 wherein the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of heat labile toxin characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli is ^(5′) AGC TCC CCA CTC TAT TAC AGA ACT ATG ^(3′); the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of heat stabile toxin characteristic for enterotoxigenic E. coli is ^(5′) ACA TAC GTT ACA GAC ATA ATC AGA ATC AG ^(3′); the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of heat stabile toxin characteristic for enteroaggregative E. coli is ^(5′) ATG AAG GGG CGA AGT TCT GGC TCA ATG TGC ^(3′); the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of pCVD432 plasmid is ^(5′) CTC TTT TAA CTT ATG ATA TGT AAT GTC TGG ^(3′); the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of the inv-plasmid is; ^(5′) CAA AAA CAG AAG AAC CTA TGT CTA CCT ^(3′); the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of the EAF-plasmid is; 5′° CTT GGA GTG ATC GAA CGG GAT CCA AAT ^(3′); the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of the eae gene is ^(5′) TAA ACG GGT ATT ATC AAC AGA AAA ATC C ^(3′); the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of shiga-like toxin SltI gene is ^(5′) TCG CTG AAT CCC CCT CCA TTA TGA CAG GCA ^(3′); and the labelled oligonucleotide probe for the detection of shiga-like toxin SltII gene is ^(5′) CAG GTA CTG CAT TTG ATT GTG ACA GTC ATT ^(3′).
 5. The method according to claims 3 to 4 wherein the fluorescent reporter dye is 6-carboxy-fluoroscein, tetrachloro-6-carboxy-fluoroscein, or hexachloro-6-carboxy-fluoroscein, and the fluorescent quencher dye is 6-carboxytetramethyl-rhodamine.
 6. The method according to claims 1 to 5 wherein the PCR amplification process consists of 35 PCR cycles at a MgCl₂ concentration of 5.2 mmol, an annealing temperature of 55° C. and an extension temperature of 65° C.
 7. A set of primers useful for PCR amplification of DNA specific for virulence factors/toxins of pathogenic E. coli selected from: a set of primers that hybridise to a gene encoding heat labile toxin, or heat stabile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli; a set of primers that hybridise to a gene encoding heat stabile toxin of enteroaggregative E. coli; a set of primers that hybridise to the pCVD432 plasmid of enteroaggregative E. coli; a set of primers that hybridise to the inv-plasmid of enteroinvasive E. coli; a set of primers that hybridise to the EAF plasmid, or the eae gene of enteropathogenic E. coli; and a set of primers that hybridise to the gene encoding shiga-like toxin sltl or sltII of enterohemorrhagic E. coli,
 8. The set of primers according to claim 7 wherein the set of primers which hybridise to the gene encoding heat labile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli is LT-1: 5′ GCG TTA CTA TCC TCT CTA TGT G 3 and LT-2: 5′ AGT TTT CCA TAC TGA TTG CCG C 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the gene encoding heat stabile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli is ST-1: 5′ TCC CTC AGG ATG CTA AAC CAG 3′ and ST-2a: 5′ TCG ATT TAT TCA ACA AAG CAA C 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the gene encoding heat stabile toxin of enteroaggregative E. coli is EASTI-1: 5′ AAC TGC TGG GTA TGT GGC TGG 3′ and EASTI-2: 5′ TGC TGA CCT GCC TCT TCC ATG 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the pCVD432 plasmid is EA-1: 5′ CTG GCG AAA GAC TGT ATC ATT G 3′ and EA-2: 5′ TAA TGT ATA GAA ATC CGC TGT T 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the inv-plasmid is EI-1: 5′ TTT CTG GAT GGT ATG GTG AGG 3′ and EI-2: 5′ CTT GAA CAT AAG GAA ATA AAC 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the EAF plasmid is EP-1: 5′ CAG GGT AAA AGA AAG ATG ATA AG 3′ and EP-2: 5′ AAT ATG GGG ACC ATG TAT TAT 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the eae gene is EPeh-1: 5′ CCC GGA CCC GGC ACA AGC ATA AG 3′ and EPeh-2: 5′ AGT CTC GCC AGT ATT CGC CAC C 3′;

the set of primers which hybridise to the shiga-like toxin sltI gene is SltI-1: 5′ ATG AAA AAA ACA TTA TTA ATA GC 3′ and SltI-2: 5′ TCA CYG AGC TAT TCT GAG TCA AGC 3′;

and the set of primers which hybridise to the shiga-like toxin sltII is SltII-1: 5′ ATG AAG AAG ATR WTT RTD GCR GYT TTA TTY G 3′ and SltII-2: 5′ TCA GTC ATW ATT AAA CTK CAC YTS RGC AAA KCC 3′

wherein W is A/T, R is A/G, D is A/G/T, Y is C/T and K is G/T.
 9. The set of primers according to claim 8 which in addition to the primers for amplification of target DNA comprise a labelled oligonucleotide probe which is labelled with a fluoroscent reporter dye, such as 6-carboxy-fluoroscein, tetrachloro-6-carboxy-fluoroscein, hexachloro-6-carboxy-fluoroscein, at the most 5′ base and a fluoroscent quencher dye, such as 6-carboxytetramethyl-rhodamine, at the most 3′ base, and have a nucleotide sequence selected from ^(5′) AGC TCC CCA GTC TAT TAC AGA ACT ATG ^(3′) which hybridises to a gene encoding heat labile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli; ^(5′) ACA TAC GTT ACA GAC ATA ATC AGA ATC AG ^(3′) which hybridises to a gene encoding heat stabile toxin of enterotoxigenic E. coli; ^(5′) ATG AAG GGG CGA AGT TCT GGC TCA ATG TGC ^(3′) which hybridises to a gene encoding heat stabile toxin of enteroaggregative E. coli; ^(5′) CTC TTT TAA CTT ATG ATA TGT AAT GTC TGG ^(3′) which hybridises to the pCVD432 plasmid; ^(5′) CAA AAA CAG AAG AAC CTA TGT CTA CCT ^(3′) which hybridises to the inv-plasmid; ^(5′) CTT GGA GTG ATC GAA CGG GAT CCA AAT ^(3′) which hybridises to the EAF plasmid; ^(5′) TAA ACG GGT ATT ATC AAC AGA AAA ATCC ^(3′) which hybridises to the eae gene; ^(5′) TCG CTG AAT CCC CCT CCA TTA TGA CAG GCA ^(3′) which hybridises to the shiga-like toxin SltI gene; and ^(5′) CAG GTA CTG GAT TTG ATT GTG ACA GTC ATT ^(3′) which hybridises to the shiga-like toxin SltII gene.
 10. The use of the method according to claims 1 to 6 for diagnosing an E. coli infection of a living animal body, including a human, or for the detection of E. coli contamination of consumables, such as meat, milk and vegetables. 